Agrobiological evaluations of newly introduced grapes varieties under climatic conditions of the south of Kazakhstan

Abstract Variety assortment enhancement is a normal task that involves enhancing the assortment's quality and upgrading varieties. The findings of a research of imported grape varieties in the southeast of Kazakhstan, namely in the Almaty region's bottom-mountain zone, are presented in this article. The onset and conclusion of the main phenological phases of a grape plant throughout the vegetative period were directly influenced by the climatic and meteorological conditions of this district. In comparison to the recognized variety Almaty early-maturing, it has been proven that types Priusadebny, Iyulsky, and Kuibyshevsk early-maturing have a high degree of eyes wintering buds and may provide a high-quality crop in this location.

Resumo O aprimoramento da variedade é uma tarefa normal que envolve o aprimoramento da qualidade da variedade e o aprimoramento das variedades. As descobertas de uma pesquisa de variedades de uvas importadas no sudeste do Cazaquistão, ou seja, na zona de base da montanha da região de Almaty, são apresentadas neste artigo. O início e a conclusão das principais fases fenológicas de uma videira ao longo do período vegetativo foram diretamente influenciados pelas condições climáticas e meteorológicas deste distrito. Em comparação com a variedade reconhecida Almaty de maturação precoce, foi comprovado que os tipos Priusadebny, Iyulsky e Kuibyshevsk de maturação precoce têm um alto grau de gomos de inverno de olhos e podem fornecer uma safra de alta qualidade neste local.

Agrobiological evaluations of newly introduced grapes varieties under climatic conditions of the south of Kazakhstan / Avaliações agrobiológicas de variedades de uvas recém-introduzidas sob as condições climáticas do sul do Cazaquistão

Variety assortment enhancement is a normal task that involves enhancing the assortment's quality and upgrading varieties. The findings of a research of imported grape varieties in the southeast of Kazakhstan, namely in the Almaty region's bottom-mountain zone, are presented in this article. The onset and conclusion of the main phenological phases of a grape plant throughout the vegetative period were directly influenced by the climatic and meteorological conditions of this district. In comparison to the recognized variety Almaty early-maturing, it has been proven that types Priusadebny, Iyulsky, and Kuibyshevsk early-maturing have a high degree of eyes wintering buds and may provide a high-quality crop in this location.

O aprimoramento da variedade é uma tarefa normal que envolve o aprimoramento da qualidade da variedade e o aprimoramento das variedades. As descobertas de uma pesquisa de variedades de uvas importadas no sudeste do Cazaquistão, ou seja, na zona de base da montanha da região de Almaty, são apresentadas neste artigo. O início e a conclusão das principais fases fenológicas de uma videira ao longo do período vegetativo foram diretamente influenciados pelas condições climáticas e meteorológicas deste distrito. Em comparação com a variedade reconhecida Almaty de maturação precoce, foi comprovado que os tipos Priusadebny, Iyulsky e Kuibyshevsk de maturação precoce têm um alto grau de gomos de inverno de olhos e podem fornecer uma safra de alta qualidade neste local.

Determinação do rendimento, teor e composição química de óleo essencial de espécie medicinal aloysia gratíssima (gillies & hook.) tronc. em diferentes horários do dia / Determination of yield, content and chemical composition of essential oil of medicinal plant aloysia gratissima (gillies & hook.) tronc. at different times of the day / Determinación del rendimiento, contenido y composición química del aceite esencial de la especie medicinal aloysia gratíssima (gillies & hook.) tronc. en distintos momentos del día

A Aloysia gratíssima, popularmente conhecida como alfazema-do-brasil é uma importante planta medicinal, sendo o óleo essencial rico em terpenos. Determinar o horário de colheita que resulte em maior rendimento, teor de óleo essencial e compostos químicos, são informações importantes para toda cadeia produtiva de plantas medicinais. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o rendimento, teor e composição química do óleo essencial de A. gratíssima, em diferentes horários de colheita. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Dois Vizinhos, nos anos de 2018 e 2019. Os tratamentos foram diferentes horários de colheita (9:00, 11:00, 15:00 e 17:00 horas) de massa fresca de A. gratíssima. O óleo essencial foi obtido pelo método de hidrodestilação e a composição química determinada por cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa. Os melhores resultados de teor (1,18 e 0,55%) e rendimento de óleo essencial (0,71 e 0,33 g planta-1) foram obtidos nos horários de colheita das 9:00 e 11:00 horas, respectivamente, quando as plantas estavam no estádio de floração, e também as condições climáticas favoráveis, como temperaturas amenas. A cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa revelou que os principais componentes dos óleos essenciais foram classificados como terpenos. Eucaliptol (39,30%) foi o componente majoritário do óleo essencial no horário de colheita das 9:00 horas. Os resultados desse estudo podem contribuir para otimizar o período de colheita de A. gratíssima, quanto à quantidade e qualidade dos óleos essenciais para indústria de produtos farmacêuticos e cosméticos.

Aloysia gratissima, popularly known as Brazilian lavender, is an important medicinal plant, the essential oil being rich in terpenes. Determining the harvest time that results in greater yield, essential oil content and chemical compounds, are important information for the entire production chain of medicinal plants In this sense, the objective of this work was to analyze the yield, content and chemical composition of the essential oil of A. gratíssima, at different harvest times. The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Dois Vizinhos, in the years 2018 and 2019. The treatments were different harvest times (9:00 am, 11:00 am, 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm) of fresh mass by A. gratissima. The essential oil was obtained by the hydrodistillation method and the chemical composition determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The best results for essential oil content (1.18 and 0.55%) and yield (0.71 and 0.33 g plant-1) were obtained at 9:00 am and 11:00 am, respectively, when the plants were in the flowering stage, and also favorable climatic conditions, such as mild temperatures. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that the main components of essential oils were as terpenes. Eucalyptol (39.30%) was the major component of the essential oil at the 9:00 am harvest time. The results of this study may contribute to optimizing the period of harvesting A. gratissima, regarding the quantity and quality of essential oils for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry.

Aloysia gratissima, conocida popularmente como lavanda brasileña, es una importante planta medicinal, siendo el aceite esencial rico en terpenos. Determinar el tiempo de cosecha que resulte en mayor rendimiento, contenido de aceites esenciales y compuestos químicos, son información importante para toda la cadena productiva de las plantas medicinales. En ese sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el rendimiento, contenido y composición química del aceite esencial de A. gratíssima, en diferentes épocas de cosecha. El experimento se realizó en la Universidad Tecnológica Federal de Paraná - Campus Dois Vizinhos, en los años 2018 y 2019. Los tratamientos fueron diferentes tiempos de cosecha (9:00 am, 11:00 am, 3:00 pm y 5:00 pm ) de masa fresca por A. gratissima. El aceite esencial se obtuvo por el método de hidrodestilación y la composición química determinada por cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas. Los mejores resultados para contenido de aceite esencial (1.18 y 0.55%) y rendimiento (0.71 y 0.33 g planta-1) se obtuvieron a las 9:00 am y 11:00 am, respectivamente, cuando las plantas se encontraban en etapa de floración, y también condiciones climáticas favorables, como temperaturas suaves. La cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas reveló que los principales componentes de los aceites esenciales se clasificaron como terpenos. El eucaliptol (39,30%) fue el componente mayoritario del aceite esencial a las 9:00 a. m. del tiempo de cosecha. Los resultados de este estudio pueden contribuir a optimizar el período de cosecha de A. gratissima, en cuanto a la cantidad y calidad de los aceites esenciales para la industria farmacéutica y cosmética.

Acceptability of hair harvest as a method of tuberculosis therapeutic drug monitoring among adult pulmonary TB patients: a qualitative study

Background: The current six months regimen for drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) is long, complex, and requires adherence monitoring. TB hair drug level assay is one innovative approach to monitor TB treatment adherence however, its acceptability in the context of African multi-cultural settings is not known. Objective: To determine the acceptability of hair harvest and testing as a TB therapeutic drug monitoring method. Methods: The study explored perceptions, and lived experiences among TB patients with regard to using hair harvest and testing as a method of tuberculosis therapeutic drug monitoring in the context of their cultural beliefs, and faith. We used a descriptive phenomenological approach. Results: Four main themes emerged namely: participants' perceptions about the cultural meaning of their body parts; perceptions about hair having any medical value or meaning; perceptions about hospitals starting to use hair harvest and testing for routine hospital TB treatment adherence monitoring; and perceived advantages and disadvantages of using hair for treatment adherence monitoring. Overall, we found that using hair to monitor adherence was acceptable to TB patients provided the hair was harvested and tested by a medical worker. Conclusion: Hair harvest for medical testing is acceptable to TB patients on the condition that it is conducted by a medical worker

Preferred techniques of hair harvest for medical testing among adult pulmonary TB patients

Background: Antiretroviral hair drug levels are currently being used to monitor adherence to HIV treatment. There is currently a dearth of literature on the preferred technique(s) of hair harvest for medical testing in the context of African multicultural settings. Objective: To explore the preferred techniques(s) of hair harvest for medical testing among TB patients. Methods: We used a descriptive phenomenological approach to conduct interviews for 15 TB patients from the 06th through the 24th of June 2022. Data was organized by N-VIVO version 10 and analysed step by step using a thematic analytical approach. Results: Participants aged <30 years were more knowledgeable, positively perceived, and experienced about the salon-based hair cutting technique compared to those aged≥30 years old. Participants aged ≥30 had experience, flexibility to use, and were knowledgeable in all three techniques, Overall, for all age categories (<30,30-40 and >40 years), majority of the respondents were knowledgeable, flexible and experienced in using all the three techniques. Conclusion: The majority of TB patients were knowledgeable, experienced and flexible about the hair cutting techniques however, efforts are needed to educate the youth that hair for medical testing can be cut by any of the three techniques without changing their cosmetic look.

The Combination of Vivianite Powder and Compost Derived Poultry Litter: Appropriate Biological Fertilizer to Improve Nutritional Values of Carrot (Daucus Carota L.)

Aims: To improve the nutritional values of carrot in the Great North Cameroon by using natural fertilizing. Study Design: A 11x2x2 factorial design with 11 origins of carrot roots (fertilizing) (T0, T+, P10, P15, Py10, Py15, F1, F1+P10, F1+P15, F1+Py10 and F1+Py15), 02 harvest areas (Maroua and Ngaoundere (Cameroon)) and 02 harvest years (2019 and 2020). Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, University of Ngaoundere Cameroon, September 2019 and September 2020. Methodology: Nutrient parameters of carrot roots (moisture, vitamin C, carotenoids, fiber, carbohydrates and ash of carrot roots contents) were assessed according to standard methods. Results: Globally, carrot nutritional values varied significantly (p<0.05) depending on fertilizer, harvest area (Ngaoundere and Maroua Cameroon), and harvest year (2019 and 2020). The carrot nutrient contents from Maroua Cameroon were higher than those from Ngaoundere. The highest carrot nutrients content was from F1+P10 plots (combination of 1 Kg of poultry litter with 10 g of vivianite powder). In Maroua, roots from treated carrot plants with F1+P10 fertilizer are 1.55 and 1.24 fold richer in carotenoids than those from T0 and T+ plants respectively in 2019 ; in growing year 2020, the carotenoid contents of F1+P10 roots were 1.52 fold and 1.29 fold higher than those of T0 and T+ plants. In Ngaoundere, Vitamin C content of carrots from F1+P10 fertilizer is 1.79 fold higher than that of T0 plants and 1.18 fold higher than that of T+ plants in 2019, while in 2020 the value of this parameter was 1.69 fold and 1.47 fold higher than that of T0 and T+ plants respectively. The F1+P10 fertilizer encreased total carbohydrate content at 51.88 % compared to T0 and 20.03 % compared to T+ in Maroua, and at 27.59 % and 7.95 % compared to T0 and T+ respectively in Ngaoundere. Conclusion: By used F1+P10 natural fertilizer for carrot growing, we contribute to improve the nutritional values of this vegetable crop, but also to valorize our local resources in biological agriculture, as well as to protect the environment.

Occurrence of citrus brown and black spot diseases and their control using pre-harvest approaches

Mild brown and black spot diseases symptoms were detected on citrus varieties, Valencia and Navel fruits during season 2018 in some citrus orchards at North Egypt. Collected diseased fruit samples revealed isolation of Alternaria alternata and Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) van der Aa. Some organic acids, salts and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were evaluated against the diseases incidents in vitro and in vivo. Complete growth inhibition was recorded for fungi tested at 2g/L of salicylic acid, Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, Tri-Sodium polyphosphate and 2.5 g/L of S. cerevisiae. All pre-harvest treated Valencia trees, inoculated fruits revealed no diseases symptoms up to 10 days of storage period. Meanwhile, S. cerevisiae and salicylic acid treatments had extended protective effect up to 20 days. Control strategy through spraying Valencia orange trees with yeast or some organic acids and salts as pre-harvest approaches should be taken in consideration especially these diseases began to occur in North region of Egypt.

Processing and identification of delicate fat particles for clinical application / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective:In the process of fat grafting, there is no good solution to achieve delicate filling while retaining the viability of fat particle. There was still no research on the composition and activity of delicate fat particle. In this study, two different methods for delicate fat process were established to explore the feasibility and clinical efficacy.Methods:From December 2015 to June 2016, 5 patients (22-31 years old, with average 26.2 years) with abdominal liposuction in Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital were inclueded. The fat particles were obtained by floating method and filtration method respectively, and compared with emulsified fat/nanofat and traditional fat grafts. The cell viability and composition of adipose tissue were compared in each group through cell viability test, flow analysis and tissue staining.Results:The fat particles obtained by floating and filtration methods, emulsified fat could pass through OT needle. Cell viability test revealed the presence of living cells in the fat obtained by both methods, but not in the emulsified fat. Flow analysis showed that the expression of CD90 in floating group was higher than that in control group ( P=0.048). Conclusions:The delicate fat particle can be obtained by floating or filtration method, which can preserves the tissue integrity and cell viability; meanwhile it can achieve fine needle injection and clinical application.

Systems biology applied to the study of papaya fruit ripening: the influence of ethylene / Biologia de sistemas aplicada ao estudo do amadurecimento de mamões: a influência do etileno

Fruit ripening is a biochemical process that results in flavor, odor, texture, and color suitable for human consumption, in addition to providing access to important nutrients. Although ripening promotes sensory and nutritional increases in fruits, there is also an increased susceptibility to physical damage, as is the case with papaya. These transformations occur due to changes in gene expression patterns at different stages of maturity, whose control and coordination result from the combined action of plant hormones, especially ethylene. As the action of this hormone in the regulation of gene expression is still elusive, this dissertation sought to address the global analysis of the transcriptome in an overview study of molecular processes involved in the ripening of ethylene-treated and non-treated papaya. Transcription factors related to ethylene synthesis and signaling had increased activity towards exogenous-ethylene treatment. Consequently, ethylene-induced enzymes had their coding genes differentially expressed, like genes related to the synthesis of carotenoids, linalool, and vitamins, which increase color, aroma, and antioxidant activity, respectively. Metabolic pathways related to the synthesis of sugars were suppressed while genes encoding the enzyme responsible for sucrose synthesis maintained a basal expression, showing that the accumulation of sugars occurs before the ripening process. The firmness of the peel and pulp of the fruits were strongly influenced by the treatment with ethylene and by the time of the experiment, suffering the action of numerous enzymes related to the degradation of the cell wall. The main enzyme responsible for softening the pulp was polygalacturonase, together with the activity of other pectinases and cellulases. In contrast to the need for the pre-climacteric action of pectate lyase and pectinesterase reported in other fleshy fruits, such as tomatoes and strawberries, papaya did not show a significant difference in their expression. The meta-analysis of several papaya ripening transcriptomes confirmed the expression profile observed in the previous RNA-seq, besides providing statistical enrichment to the biological narratives. Finally, the present study gathered a range of robust information on the gene regulation of the papaya ripening process, which opens possibilities for future approaches to transcriptomic analysis and validates the use of papaya as a model for such studies

O amadurecimento de frutos é um processo bioquímico que resulta em sabor, odor, textura e cor adequados para o consumo humano, além de propiciar o acesso a nutrientes importantes. Apesar do amadurecimento promover incrementos sensoriais e nutricionais nos frutos, ocorre também um aumento da suscetibilidade a danos físicos, como é o caso do mamão. Essas transformações ocorrem devido às alterações nos padrões de expressão gênica nos diferentes estádios de amadurecimento, cujo controle e coordenação decorrem da ação combinada de hormônios vegetais, principalmente do etileno. Como a ação deste hormônio na regulação da expressão gênica ainda é elusiva, a presente dissertação buscou abordar a análise global do transcriptoma em um amplo estudo dos processos moleculares envolvidos no amadurecimento de mamões tratados e não tratados com etileno. Os fatores de transcrição relacionados com a síntese e a sinalização do etileno tiveram sua atividade aumentada perante o tratamento exógeno com etileno. Consequentemente, as enzimas reguladas por esse hormônio tiveram seus genes de codificação expressos diferencialmente, como foi o caso de genes relacionados à síntese de carotenoides, linalool e vitaminas, que atuam no aumento da cor, aroma e atividade antioxidante, respectivamente. Vias metabólicas relacionadas com à síntese de açúcares foram reprimidas enquanto genes codificantes da enzima responsável pela síntese de sacarose mantiveram uma expressão basal, evidenciando que o acúmulo de açúcares ocorre antes do processo de amadurecimento. A firmeza da casca e da polpa dos frutos foram fortemente influenciadas pelo tratamento com etileno e pelo tempo de experimento, sofrendo ação de inúmeras enzimas relacionadas com a degradação da parede celular. A principal enzima responsável pelo amolecimento da polpa foi a poligalacturonase, em conjunto com a atividade de outras pectinases e celulases. Em contraste com a necessidade da ação pré-climatérica da pectato liase e da pectinesterase relatada em outras frutas carnosas, como tomates e morangos, o mamão não apresentou uma diferença significativa na expressão das mesmas. A meta-análise de diversos transcriptomas do amadurecimento do mamão reafirmaram o perfil de expressão observado no RNA-seq, além de prover enriquecimento estatístico às narrativas biológicas. Por fim, o presente estudo reuniu uma gama de informações robustas sobre a regulação gênica do processo de amadurecimento do mamão papaia, o que abrange a possibilidade para futuras abordagens de análise transcriptomica e valida o uso do mamão como modelo para tais estudos

Harvesting and Primary Processing in Fritillaria Medicinal Materials： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Chinese medicinal material from Fritillaria， Beimu in Chinese， is a commonly used antitussive and expectorant traditional Chinese herbal medicine， with the significant functions of clearing heat and moistening lung，resolving phlegm and relieving cough. Five kinds of Fritillaria were recorded in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， including Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus， Fritillariae Ussuriensis Bulbus， Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus， Fritillariae Hupehensis Bulbus and Fritillariae Pallidiflorae Bulbus. At present， the reports on Fritillaria mainly focus on the pharmacological effect， chemical composition， identification of authenticity and other aspects， while there were few reports on harvesting and primary processing of original medicinal materials. Fritillaria medicines were perennial medicinal plant with various and complex varieties， their quality and curative effect were greatly affected by harvesting and processing in producing area. The processing method differed according to its variety. Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus mainly from western Sichuan plateau， Fritillariae Pallidiflorae Bulbus from Xinjiang and Fritillariae Ussuriensis Bulbus from Northeast China were mostly harvested from June to July and sun dried directly or dried. But Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus and Fritillariae Hupehensis Bulbus from Yangtze River basin were harvested when the plants wilted at the beginning of summer， and auxiliary materials such as shell powder and lime must be added during the processing. At present， the drying methods of Fritillaria were still traditional， which is not suitable for large-scale production of cultivated products. Therefore， it is urgent to find a scientific， reasonable and efficient processing methods. Aimed at providing references for standardization production of Fritillaria， this paper made a textual research on the ancient and modern herbal literature， the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and other medicinal standards， combined with modern literature， the harvesting and processing methods of Fritillaria were sorted out and prospected.

Analysis and suggestions on harvest period standards of plant medicinal materials in 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia / 中国中药杂志

The improvement of the harvest period standards is critical in the quality control of Chinese medicinal materials. The present study statistically analyzed the harvest period standards of plant medicinal materials in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Vol.Ⅰ) and put forward the existing problems and suggestions based on herbal records and modern research to provide references for the improvement of the standards. According to the statistical analysis, in 499 types of plant medicinal materials, harvest period standards are recorded under 486 types, accounting for 97.4%, and are lacking in the remaining. Only one medicinal material(Stellariae Radix) is recorded with the standard of the harvest year. The standards of the harvest season and phenological period are recorded under 233 types, accounting for 46.7%. For 237 types, only harvest season is specified, accounting for 47.5%, and for 15 types, only harvest phenological period is specified, accounting for 3.0%. Among 222 types mainly derived from cultivation and 51 types from wild resources and cultivation, only 11 types are recorded with harvest period of cultivated products. Only Stellariae Radix is recorded with the harvest period standards for the wild and cultivated products separately. The harvest period standards of plant medicinal materials with different medicinal parts have certain rules to follow. The main problems about the harvest period standards are discovered. Specifically, no harvest period standards are recorded under 13 types of plant medicinal materials. Almost all perennial cultivated medicinal materials are not recorded with harvest year standard. No phenological period standard is found under 250 types of plant medicinal materials. There is no clear distinction between the harvest period standards of cultivated and wild products. The evidence for harvest period standards of 26 types of plant medicinal materials that can be harvested all year round is insufficient. As a result, it is proposed to strengthen basic research in response to the above-mentioned problems and improve the harvest period standards as soon as possible to ensure the quality of Chinese medicinal materials.

Mapa de cadena de valor como una herramienta para la mejora de los procesos de cosecha y postcosecha en una empresa productora de piña / Value Stream Mapping as a tool for the improvement of harvest processes and postharvest in a pineapple production / Mapeamento do Fluxo de valor (VSM) - como ferramenta para a melhoria dos processos de colheita e pós-colheita numa empresa de produção de ananás

RESUMEN La metodología mapa de cadena de valor se ha convertido en una herramienta fundamental para los gerentes debido a su capacidad de diagnosticar procesos empresariales, donde se identifican las actividades que no agregan valor y se proponen alternativas de mejora basadas en distintas técnicas Lean Manufacturing. En el presente artículo, se aplica la herramienta mapa de cadena de valor en los procesos de cosecha y postcosecha de una empresa que se dedica al cultivo y comercialización de piña para el mercado nacional e internacional. Al final de la investigación se identifican desperdicios dentro del proceso como el exceso de manipulación, la falta de capacitación al personal y la ausencia de planes eficientes de mantenimiento de maquinaria. A partir de estas debilidades, se logra definir un plan de acción para la empresa, el cual es simulado utilizando el software Flexsim, donde se contrasta los escenarios "antes" y "después" de la operación con el fin de ilustrar a los gerentes, los beneficios potenciales de la implementación de las propuestas de mejora, en donde se logra establecer una reducción del tiempo de ciclo en aproximadamente un 19% lo que permite aumentar los volúmenes de producción y cumplir con la demanda del cliente final.

ABSTRACT The Value Stream Mapping methodology has become a fundamental tool for managers due to its ability to diagnose business processes, where activities that do not add value are identified and improvement alternatives based on different Lean Manufacturing techniques are proposed. In this article, the Value Stream Mapping tool is applied in the harvesting and postharvest processes of a company that is dedicated to the cultivation and sale of pineapple for the national and international market. At the end of the investigation, waste is identified within the process, such as excessive handling, lack of training for personnel and the absence of efficient machinery maintenance plans. From these weaknesses, it is possible to define an action plan for the company which is simulated using the Flexsim software, where the "before" and "after" scenarios of the operation are contrasted in order to illustrate to the managers, the potential benefits of the implementation of the improvement proposals, where it is possible to establish a reduction in cycle time by approximately 19%, which allows increasing production volumes and meeting the demand of the end customer.

RESUMO A metodologia do Mapeamento do Fluxo de Valor tornou-se uma ferramenta fundamental para os gestores devido a sua capacidade de diagnosticar processos de negócios, onde atividades que não agregam valor são identificadas e alternativas de melhoria são propostas com base em diferentes técnicas de Lean Manufacturing. Neste artigo, a ferramenta de Mapeamento do Fluxo de Valor é aplicada aos processos de colheita e pós-colheita de uma empresa dedicada ao cultivo e comercialização do abacaxi para o mercado nacional e internacional. Ao final da pesquisa, foram identificados resíduos dentro do processo, tais como manuseio excessivo, falta de treinamento de pessoal e a ausência de planos eficientes de manutenção de máquinas. A partir destes pontos fracos, é possível definir um plano de ação para a empresa, que é simulado utilizando o software FlexSim, que contrasta os cenários "antes" e "depois" da operação a fim de ilustrar aos gestores, os benefícios potenciais da implementação das melhorias propostas, onde é possível estabelecer uma redução no tempo de ciclo em aproximadamente 19%, o que permite aumentar os volumes de produção e atender a demanda do cliente final.

Quality Evaluation of Branches of Juglans mandshurica by HPLC-DAD Fingerprint Combined with HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS Characterization of Constituents / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To establish a high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） fingerprint of branches of <italic>Juglans mandshurica</italic> and to evaluate the quality of the samples from different producing areas and in different harvest periods. Method:Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-C₁₈ column （2.1 mm×100 mm， 2.7 μm） for gradient elution with mobile phase of 0.2% formic acid solution （A）-0.2% formic acid acetonitrile solution （B） （0-5 min， 5%-10%B； 5-25 min， 10%-16%B； 25-40 min， 16%-22%B； 40-45 min， 22%-45%B； 45-50 min， 45%-65%B； 50-52 min， 65%-100%B； 52-55 min， 100%B） at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min^-1. The column temperature was 30 ℃ and the detection wavelength was 270 nm. The quality of branches of <italic>Juylans mandshurica</italic> was evaluated by similarity evaluation， cluster analysis， principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The chemical constituents of the samples were identified by HPLC coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）. The mass spectrometry was conducted in negative ion mode with electrospray ionization（ESI）. Data were acquired over a range of <italic>m</italic>/<italic>z</italic> 100-1 700 for MS and <italic>m</italic>/<italic>z</italic> 50-1 700 for MS/MS. Result:A total of 19 common peaks were confirmed in 40 batches of samples， and the similarity ranged from 0.430 to 0.995， of which the similarity of samples collected in spring and winter seasons （April， May and December） was greater than 0.90， while the similarity of most samples collected in summer （July to September） was low. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the samples were divided into two groups according to the harvest time， but there was no obvious classification rule for the samples from different producing areas. The contents of most constituents in the samples collected in spring and winter were higher than those collected in summer. The result illustrated that different harvest periods had great influence on the quality of branches of <italic>J</italic>.<italic> mandshurica</italic>. Compared with the samples collected in summer， the quality of samples collected in spring and winter was better. A total of 22 peaks were proved to be the main constituents that contributed to the difference between samples collected in different seasons. A total of 83 chemical components were identified by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS， including 49 tannins， 7 organic acids， 14 naphthalene derivatives， 1 flavonoid， 6 anthracene derivatives， 2 lignans， 3 diarylheptanoids and 1 saccharide. Totally 13 common peaks were identified. Of the peaks that contributed to discriminate samples collected in different season， 19 peaks were identified and most of them were tannins. Conclusion:The established HPLC fingerprint can provide useful information for the quality evaluation of branches of <italic>J</italic>.<italic> mandshurica</italic>. Tannin is the main constituents in the samples. Harvest period has great influence on the quality of branches of <italic>J</italic>.<italic> mandshurica</italic>.

Investigation and Suggestions on Factors Affecting Quality of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (Baizhi) in Some Post-harvest Processes / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the factors affecting the quality of post-harvest Angelicae Dahuricae Radix （Baizhi） and to provide the corresponding suggestions according to these factors. Method:A series of factors affecting the quality of Baizhi were analyzed comprehensively by visiting several origins， medicinal material markets， pharmacies， supermarkets and storehouses combined with plenty of literature reports. Result:The rot of Baizhi was the most common phenomenon after harvest， and mildew， discoloration and moth could occur during the processes of processing， storage and packaging. So the quality of Baizhi should be controlled strictly through the whole process. The roots of Baizhi should be harvested on sunny days to avoid mining damage and dried as soon as possible to prevent rotting. The drying methods included both traditional lime burial and modern ways such as sulfur fumigation， saline dehydration， sun drying method， and oven drying method. However， the water content should be strictly controlled. Furthermore， the storehouses should be disinfected firstly. The temperature and humidity of the storehouses should be controlled strictly. Some suitable ways could be adopted to prevent moth and discoloration during storage， which included airtight fumigation of aluminum phosphide， cold storage， air conditioning maintenance， antagonism storage with other Chinese medicinal materials， dry ice storage at room temperature， etc. Large quantities of Baizhi were generally packaged in woven bags. Otherwise， kraft paper bags， polyvinyl chloride plastic bags， glass bottles， aluminum foil composite film bags， and other packaging materials had been adopted for the retail. However， the packaging specification should be selected according to the situation. Conclusion:The quality of Baizhi can be directly affected by harvesting， drying， processing， storage and packaging. Scientific and reasonable methods should be adopted to ensure the quality of Baizhi.

Calendário de Sazonalidade de Hortifrutícolas Não Convencionais ou Negligenciadas / Seasonality Calendar for Non-Conventional or Neglected Horticultural Crops

Introdução: Com uma enorme variedade de plantas comestíveis, nativas ou exóticas, o Brasil tem sua biodiversidade subexplorada na alimentação. Objetivo: Desenvolver um Calendário de Sazonalidade, a fim de contribuir para o conhecimento, uso e preservação dessas espécies que compõem a biodiversidade. Métodos: Sistematização de informações sobre o período de safra de hortifrutícolas não convencionais ou negligenciadas, por meio de revisão da literatura científica, classificando-as de acordo com as partes utilizadas na alimentação humana, como frutas, hortaliças-fruto, hortaliças herbáceas e sementes. Resultados: O calendário contempla 71 espécies, classificadas em 60 nativas e 11 exóticas, subdivididas em 59 frutas, 3 hortaliças-fruto, 13 hortaliças herbáceas e 6 sementes. Conclusão: A relevância do tema e a escassez de trabalhos que apresentem ferramentas de fácil aplicação, que propiciem a adoção de hortifrutícolas não convencionais ou negligenciadas na culinária e gastronomia, ressaltam a importância de mais estudos voltados para esta temática. Almeja-se, dessa forma, que o calendário proposto seja utilizado pela população e, sobretudo, por profissionais dos serviços de alimentação no planejamento dos cardápios, visando a valorização da cultura alimentar e preservação da biodiversidade brasileira. (AU)

Introduction: With a huge variety of edible plants, native or exotic, Brazil's biodiversity is underexploited as far as food is concerned. Objective: To develop a Seasonality Calendar to promote further knowledge, use and preservation of these species that make up Brazil's biodiversity. Methods: Systematization of information about the harvest period of unconventional or neglected horticultural products, through a review of the scientific literature, by classifying them according to the parts used in human nutrition, such as fruits, fruit-vegetables, herbaceous vegetables and seeds. Results: The calendar includes 71 species, classified into 60 native and 11 exotic ones, subdivided into 59 fruits, 3 fruit-vegetables, 13 herbaceous vegetables and 6 seeds. Conclusions: There need to be more studies focused on this topic owing to its relevance and scarcity of works that present easily applicable tools to encourage the use of unconventional or neglected horticultural crops in cuisine and gastronomy. Therefore, the population and, especially, culinary professionals (when planning menus) are expected to use this knowledge with a view to valuing food culture and the conservation of Brazilian biodiversity. (AU)

Quality analysis of Citri Trifoliatae Fructus in different harvest time by HPLC combined with electronic eye technology / 中国中药杂志

As a local variety of medicinal material, Citri Trifoliatae Fructus is widely used in many places, whereas its harvest time remains unclear. Therefore, studying its harvest time can make more reasonable use of this medicinal material. In this study, we determined the flavonoids content and compared the color of Citri Trifoliatae Fructus harvested in different time, aiming to guide the harvest of this medicinal material. The fresh fruits of Citrus trifoliata were collected from Xinxiang city, Henan province, graded according to the diameter range, and then dried. The contents of isonaringin, naringen, and poncirin in Citri Trifoliatae Fructus were determined by HPLC, and the color values of the samples were detected by electronic eye. The correlation analysis of the obtained data was carried out to explore the relationships of color and diameter with quality. The results showed that the contents of isonaringin, naringen, and poncirin varied significantly in different harvest time, within the ranges of 0.21-1.20, 2.21-11.59, and 3.73-23.16 mg·g~(-1), respectively. With the delay of harvest time, Citri Trifoliatae Fructus showed the color changing from green to yellow, gradually increased diameter, and gradually decreased contents of isonaringin, naringen, and poncirin. The contents of isonaringin, naringen, and poncirin were negatively correlated with the degree of red and green(a~*) and positively correlated with the degree of yellow and blue(b~*). The contents of naringen and poncirin had significantly negative correlations with the diameter. This study indicates that the quality of Citri Trifoliatae Fructus can be judged by its diameter and skin color, which provides a theoretical basis for the rational harvest of this medicinal material.

Content determination of eight phenols in Ilex hainanensis harvested at different time by HPLC-DAD / 中国中药杂志

This study intends to develop a high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection(HPLC-DAD) method for simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid, 2-hydroxymethyl-3-hydroxyl-1-butene-4-O-β-D-(6″-O-caffeoyl)-glucopyranoside, pubescenoside B, huazhongilexone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, rutin, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C in Ilex hainanensis. The HPLC conditions are as follows: Waters XBridge C_(18 )column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), mobile phase of 0.5% formic acid in water(A)-acetonitrile(B), gradient elution(0-8 min, 5%-12% B; 8-18 min, 12%-18% B; 18-30 min, 18%-25% B; 30-40 min, 25%-30% B; 40-42 min, 30%-80% B; 42-45 min, 80% B) at the flow rate of 0.8 mL·min~(-1), detection wavelengths of 282, 324, and 360 nm, column temperature of 25 ℃, and injection volume of 5 μL. The content of the 8 phenols in 8 samples was 0.30-6.29, 0.29-3.27, 0.15-10.4, 0.51-5.85, 0.49-9.02, 0.51-4.68, 1.93-13.4, and 0.87-5.95 mg·g~(-1), respectively. Moreover, the content of phenols in the samples collected in October was higher than that of samples harvested in other months. The established method is accurate and sensitive for the determination of phenols in I. hainanensis, which is useful for the quality improvement of this herbal medicine.

Higher cut-offs for the number of lymph nodes harvested do not predict better prognosis in patients with colon cancer / Pontos de corte mais altos para o número de linfonodos coletados não predizem melhor prognóstico em pacientes com câncer de cólon

ABSTRACT Background Current threshold for minimum lymph node harvest may not be adequate for appropriate staging in colon cancer and newer surgical techniques may allow more lymph nodes to be harvested. The aim of this study was to examine the prognostic role of harvesting and examining lymph nodes higher in number than the recommended threshold (≥12), in patients with colon cancer. Methods This retrospective study included 179 patients that underwent open colon resection for adenocarcinoma of the colon. A D3 resection with high vascular ligation was made so that large number of lymph nodes was removed in most patients. Differences in overall survival between below and above three cutoff points (≥18, ≥24, ≥40) were estimated. Results During median 33 months of follow-up, 45 patients died and mean overall survival was 108.7 ± 5.6 months (95% CI, 97.7-119.7). The mean number of lymph nodes harvested and examined was 44.0 ± 25.7 (median 38; range, 7-150). No significant effect was found for three different cut-off values (≥18, ≥24, or ≥40 nodes) on mean overall survival (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). The same was true for the whole study population as well as for N0 (N negative) and N1-2 (N positive) patient subgroups, when they are analyzed separately. Conclusions Our findings do not support the survival benefit of substantially higher number of lymph nodes harvested in colon cancer.

RESUMO Fundamento: O limite atual para a coleta mínima de linfonodos pode não ser adequado para o estadiamento adequado no câncer de cólon e novas técnicas cirúrgicas podem permitir que um número maior de linfonodos seja coletado. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar o papel prognóstico da coleta e exame de linfonodos em número maior do que o limite recomendado (≥ 12), em pacientes com câncer de cólon. Método: Este estudo retrospectivo incluiu 179 pacientes submetidos à ressecção aberta de cólon para adenocarcinoma de cólon. A ressecção D3 com ligadura vascular alta foi realizada para que um grande número de linfonodos fosse removido na maioria dos pacientes. As diferenças na sobrevida global entre abaixo e acima de três pontos de corte (≥ 18, ≥ 24, ≥ 40) foram estimadas. Resultados: Durante a mediana de 33 meses de seguimento, 45 pacientes morreram e a sobrevida global média foi de 108,7 ± 5,6 meses (IC 95%: 97,7-119,7). O número médio de linfonodos coletados e examinados foi de 44,0 ± 25,7 (mediana = 38; variação: 7-150). Nenhum efeito significativo foi encontrado para três valores de corte diferentes (≥ 18, ≥ 24 ou ≥ 40 linfonodos) na sobrevida global média (p >0,05 para todas as comparações). O mesmo foi verdadeiro para toda a população do estudo, bem como para os subgrupos de pacientes N0 (N negativos) e N1-2 (N positivos), quando analisados separadamente. Conclusões: Nossos achados não apoiam o benefício na sobrevida de um número substancialmente maior de linfonodos coletados no câncer de cólon.

Effects of ripening stages and storage durations on resistance parameters of beef type tomatoes: part 1: spring period / Efeitos de estágios de maturação e durações de armazenamento em parâmetros de resistência de tomates coração de boi: parte 1: período de primavera

Following the harvest, agricultural products are subjected to various negative impacts throughout the way to consumers. Mechanical damages such as color darkening, abrasion, cuts, or punctures over the fruit surface are irreversible damages and such damages ultimately end up in significant quality and economic losses. In modern production systems, only a certain portion of the products directly reach from producer to consumers. The majority of these products are subjected to mechanical damages through the crush, squeeze, vibration, and similar impacts during the harvest and postharvest processes. In this study, Tybeef tomato cultivar grown over the experimental greenhouses of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM) (control) and 14-193 and 14-206 coded candidate cultivars developed through breeding programs of BATEM were used as the plant material. Resistance parameters of tomato cultivars were determined at 4 different ripening stages (green, turning, pink, and red) and 4 different storage durations (4, 8, 12, and 16 days). Resistance parameters decreased with the progress of ripening and storage durations. All measurements and assessments revealed that 14-193 coded candidate cultivars were prominent for resistance parameters.

Após a colheita, os produtos agrícolas estão sujeitos a diversos impactos negativos ao longo do caminho até os consumidores. Danos mecânicos como escurecimento da cor, abrasão, cortes ou perfurações na superfície da fruta são irreversíveis e acabam resultando em perdas significativas de qualidade e econômicas. Nos sistemas de produção modernos, apenas uma determinada parte dos produtos chega diretamente do produtor ao consumidor. A maioria desses produtos está sujeita a danos mecânicos por meio de esmagamento, compressão, vibração e impactos semelhantes durante os processos de colheita e pós-colheita. Neste estudo, a cultivar de tomate Tybeef cultivada em estufas experimentais do Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM) (controle) e as cultivares candidatas codificadas 14-193 e 14-206 desenvolvidas por meio de programas de melhoramento do BATEM foram utilizadas como material vegetal. Os parâmetros de resistência dos cultivares de tomate foram determinados em 4 diferentes estágios de maturação (verde, pintado, rosado e vermelho) e 4 diferentes durações de armazenamento (4, 8, 12 e 16 dias). Os parâmetros de resistência diminuíram com o progresso do amadurecimento e durações de armazenamento. Todas as medições e avaliações revelaram que 14-193 cultivares candidatas codificadas eram proeminentes para os parâmetros de resistência.

Quality of arabic coffee under different processing systems, drying methods and altitudes / Qualidade do café arábico sob diferentes sistemas de processamento, métodos de secagem e altitudes

The quality of coffee is one of the most important requirements in the commercialization of the product, and the post-harvest stage is decisive in the production of excellent coffees. The region of Mutum, MG, Brazil, is predominantly coffee-growing, with high potential for the production of specialty coffees. Due to the social and economic importance of coffee production in the Matas de Minas region, research has been demanded with the aim of providing technological information that provides improvements in quality and consequent price aggregation of the coffee bag. Among the several factors that may affect coffee quality are the processing system, the drying method and the altitude. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of Arabica coffee at different altitudes, submitted to different processing systems and drying methods. The work was conducted at the Cabeceira do Imbiruçu, in a randomized complete block design,with treatments arranged in a scheme comprising sub-subdivided plots (2 x 2 x 2), with four replications. In the plots, the two altitudes (850 and 1050 m), in the subplotsthe two processingsystems (dry (natural) and wet (peeled cherry)) and in the sub-subplotstwo drying methods (cement and suspended yard, both covered). Sensory and electrical conductivity analyzes were performed. The fruits of coffee trees located at altitudes of 1050 m have sensory attributes superior to those of altitudes of 850 m. The best results of the coffee flavor and aroma sensory attributes were obtained in the wet processing system when compared to a dry (natural) processing system. The electrical conductivity of the coffee beans obtained in the wet processing system was lower than that obtained in the dry processing system (natural), which gives a better beverage quality. Drying methods in suspended yard and cement yard, both with plastic cover and if technically conducted, do not influence the sensory characteristics of the Arabica coffee.

A qualidade do café é um dos requisitos mais importantes na comercialização do produto, sendo a etapa de pós-colheita determinante na produção de cafés de excelência. A região de Mutum, MG, Brasil, é predominantemente cafeeira, com elevado potencial de produção de cafés especiais. Em razão da importância social e econômica da cafeicultura para a região das Matas de Minas, pesquisas têm sido demandadas com o intuito de fornecer informações tecnológicas que proporcionem melhorias na qualidade e consequente na agregação do preço da saca de café. Dentre os diversos fatores que podem afetar a qualidade do café destacam-se o sistema de processamento, o método de secagem e a altitude. Assim, objetivou-se com a realização deste trabalho, avaliar a qualidade do café arábica em diferentes altitudes, submetido a diferentes sistemas de processamento e métodos de secagem. O trabalho foi conduzido na propriedade cabeceira do Imbiruçu, em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos dispostos em um esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas (2 x 2 x 2), com quatro repetições, sendo nas parcelas, as duas altitudes (850 e 1050 m), nas subparcelas, os dois sistemas de processamento (seco (natural) e úmido (cereja descascada)) e nas subparcelas, dois métodos de secagem (cimento e terreiro suspenso, ambos cobertos). Foram realizadas análises sensoriais e de condutividade elétrica. Os frutos de cafeeiros localizados em altitudes de 1050 m possuem atributos sensoriais superiores aos de altitudes de 850 m. Os melhores resultados dos atributos sensoriais sabor e aroma do café foram obtidos no sistema de processamento via úmida quando comparado como sistema de processamento via seca (natural). A condutividade elétrica dos grãos de café obtidos no sistema de processamento via úmida foi menor que a obtida no sistema de processamento via seca (natural), o que confere melhor qualidade de bebida. Os métodos de secagem em terreiro suspenso e em terreiro de cimento, ambos com cobertura plástica e se tecnicamente conduzidos, não influenciam nas características sensoriais do café arábica.